In Brownsville, Texas, three members of the Galvan family died after a malfunctioning air conditioner left them exposed to extreme heat. Aged between 60 and 82, all three had chronic health conditions, including diabetes and heart disease. This makes it harder for the body to regulate temperature and increases vulnerability to heat stress.
Nobody arrived to check on them until days after they had died in their apartment in 2024. Thisisolationalsoincreases riskofheat-relateddeaths. Though the immediate trigger appears to have been equipment failure, a pathologist attributed thedeaths to extreme heatlinked tochronic illness.
Deaths like these are classified as “heat-related” when ambient temperatures exceed what bodies can safely tolerate. Climate change is a contributing factor. Asheatwaves become more frequent, intense and prolonged, routine failures in cooling, power or housing infrastructure are more likely to turn existing vulnerability into fatal harm.
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Around the world, climate-related deaths follow consistent social patterns. People who are older, already ill, economically disadvantaged or working outdoors are most affected. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the UN’s climate science advisory group) concludes thatroughly 3.3-billion to 3.6-billion people― nearly half of the world’s population ― are highly vulnerable to climate risks, with limited capacity to cope.
Here, vulnerability is not simply exposure to environmental hazards. Who is protected and who is left at risk depends on social and infrastructural conditions. Research in climate science, public health and social sciences shows these patterns are clear.My own researchspans ecosystem ecology and social science.
I examine how climate knowledge is produced, interpreted and acted upon in times of ecological emergency. The evidence points to an uncomfortable conclusion: much of this suffering is preventable. Cameroonian historian Achille Mbembe introduced the idea of“necropolitics”to explain how some lives come to be treated as more expendable than others.
This does not imply intent to kill, but rather the routine political acceptance that some people will be exposed to harm. From this perspective,the Galvans’ deathswere shaped not only by heat, but by structural inequalities and gaps in policy and infrastructure. This logic is visible globally.
Insouth Asiaand theMiddle East, heatwaves claim the lives ofelderly peopleand outdoor workers. In sub-Saharan Africa,floodsanddroughtsdisproportionately affectsubsistence farmers.
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